Cetra Empat Orang Fakir: Roman Urdu yang Pertama Diterjemahkan ke dalam Bahasa Melayu
(The Tale of The Four Dervishes: The First Urdu Romance Translated into Malay)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.37052/ml.30(1)no2Abstrak
Naskhah yang dikaji dalam artikel ini bertajuk Cetra Empat Orang Fakir dan tersimpan di National Library of Singapore. Manuskrip unik yang ditandai manuskrip Q 11.4A/27, menunjukkan tarikh pengenalan tersebut perlu pertimbangan semula. Manuskrip ini bertarikh tahun 1846, dan penterjemah mendakwa karya asalnya ialah karya sastera Parsi. Namun, karya sastera sebegini tidak terdapat dalam Sastera Parsi. Sebaliknya, Cetra Empat Orang Fakir jelas merupakan terjemahan Bagh-o-bahar ('Taman dan Musim Bunga', 1802) oleh Mir Amman, penulis Urdu yang unggul. Oleh itu, Cetra Empat Orang Fakir ialah terjemahan pertama Roman Urdu dalam bahasa Melayu. Artikel ini mengkaji maklumat tentang penterjemah karya Bagh-o-bahar, seorang Jawi Peranakan bernama Mahmud bin Sayid Mu'alim, dan persekitaran sosiobudayanya. Makalah ini juga memberikan maklumat kepada pembaca tentang kandungan Cetra dan membincangkan strategi penterjemahan Mahmud, serta kombinasi ciri lama dan baharu yang ada dalam karyanya. Dapatan artikel ini mungkin juga dapat diaplikasikan dalam kajian naskhah sastera India Islam gelombang pertama yang lain, yang masih kurang mendapat perhatian sarjana.
Kata kunci: India zaman Islam, Sastera Melayu Tradisional, Parsi, Urdu, Mir Amman, Bagh-o-bahar, Cetra Empat Orang Fakir, Jawi Peranakan, Mahmud bin Sayid Mu'alim, strategi penterjemahan
Rujukan
REFERENCES
Braginsky, V. and A. Suvorova, “A New Wave of Indian Inspiration; Translations from Urdu in Malay Traditional Literature and Theatre†in Indonesia and the Malay world 36-104, 2007.
Braginsky, V., “The Sight of Multi-Coloured Radiance; Lighting Effects in Malay Love-and-Adventure Narratives and the Sufi Concept of Visuality†in L. Sinha (ed.), 2011, Rainbows of Malay Literature and Beyond; Festschrift in Honour of Professor Md. Salleh Yaapar. Penang: Universiti Sains Malaysia Press.
Brakel, L.F., 1975. The Hikayat Muhammad Hanafiyyah; A Medieval Muslim-Malay Romance. The Hague: Nijhoff.
Catalogue of Persian Manuscripts in India Office. Qissa-i Chahar Darvish, 2016, http://www.bl.uk/catalogues/indiaofficeselectpd/FullDisplay.aspx?RecordId=015-000019754 (accessed 1 October 2016).
Chan Fook Weng, 2008, Catalogue of Rare Materials in Lee Kong Chian Reference Library. Singapore: National Library Board.
Dekhtyar (Suvorova), A.A., 1979. Problemy Poetiki Dastanov Urdu (The Issues of Poetics in Urdu Dastans). Moscow: Nauka.
Farooqi, M.A., “The Secret of Letters; Chronograms in Urdu Literary Culture†in Edebiyat 13-2, 2003.
Faruqi, Sh.M. and F.W. Pritchett, “A Date List for Urdu Literature – A Work in Progress†in Annual of Urdu Studies 9, 1994.
Forbes, D. (transl.), 1857. Bagh-o-Bahar, or Tales of the Four Darweshes. Translated from Hindustani of Mir Amman of Dihli by Duncan Forbes. London: W.H. Allen.
Gilmartin, D. and B.B. Lawrence, 2000. “Introduction†in D. Gilmartin and B.B. Lawrence (eds.). Beyond Turk and Hindu; Rethinking Religious Identities in Islamicate South Asia. Gainesville: University Press of Florida.
Grierson, J.A., 1903. A Bibliography of Western Hindi, Including Hindostani. Bombay: Education Society Press.
Haji Wan Ali Wan Mamat, 1993, Katalog Manuskrip Melayu di Singapura. Kuala Lumpur: Perpustakaan Negara Malaysia.
Hikayat Isma Yatim, 1910. Singapore: Educational Service of the Straits Settlements.
Hodgson, M.G.S., 1974. The Venture of Islam; Conscience and History in a World Civilization. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Kent, E.F., 2013. “Introduction†in E.F. Kent and T.R. Kassam (eds.). Lines in Water; Religious Boundaries in South Asia. Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press.
Marre, A. (transl.), 1878. Makota Radja-Radja, ou la Couronne des Rois / par Bokhari de Djohore. Paris: Maisonneueve et Cie.
Mohammed Zakir (transl.), 2006. Mir Amman, A Tale of Four Dervishes. London: Penguin Books.
Muhammad Sadiq, 1964. A History of Urdu Literature. London: Oxford University Press.
Muhammad Salim-Ur-Rahman, “Classics Revisited†in Annual of Urdu Studies 13, 1998, http://www.urdustudies.com/pdf/13/12salimClassics.pdf (accessed 1 October 2016).
Muhammad Wahid Mirza, 1935, The Life and Works of Amir Khusrau. Calcutta: Baptist Mission Press.
Mulyadi, Rujiati S.B. (ed.), 1983. Hikayat Indraputra; A Malay romance. Dordrecht: Foris, 1983.
Prints and Drawings 2016, Add.8917, www.bl.uk/catalogues/indiaofficeselectpd/ PrintandDraw.aspx (shelfmark Add.8917) (accessed 12 October 2016).
Pritchett, F.W. (transl.), 2005. Muqaddimah-e Murattib [Editor’s Introduction] by Maulvi ‘Abdul Haq, http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00urdu/baghobahar/intro_ abdulhaq.html (accessed 1 October 2016).
Schimmel, A. 2016. “Amir Kosrow Dehlavi†in Encyclopaedia Iranica online. http://www.iranica.com/newsite/authors/ index.isc (accessed 2 October 2016).
Zabedah Abdullah (ed.), 2000. Hikayat Syah Mardan. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
Zoe Ansari (ed.), 1975. Life, Times and Works of Amir Khusrau Dehlavi. New Delhi: National Amir Khusrau Society.
Zograf, G.A., 1962a. “Predisloviye†(Introduction) in Mir Amman, Sad i Vesna (The Garden and Spring). Translated from Urdu into Russian by G.A. Zograf. Moscow: Izdatel’stvo Vostochnoy Literatury.
Zograf, G.A. (transl.). 1962b. Mir Amman, Sad i Vesna (The Garden and Spring). Moscow: Izdatel’stvo Vostochnoy Literatury.
Ketua Editor,
